| Paper ID | MLSP-44.5 |
| Paper Title |
OPTIMIZE WHAT MATTERS: TRAINING DNN-HMM KEYWORD SPOTTING MODEL USING END METRIC |
| Authors |
Ashish Shrivastava, Arnav Kundu, Chandra Dhir, Devang Naik, Oncel Tuzel, Apple, United States |
| Session | MLSP-44: Multimodal Data and Applications |
| Location | Gather.Town |
| Session Time: | Friday, 11 June, 13:00 - 13:45 |
| Presentation Time: | Friday, 11 June, 13:00 - 13:45 |
| Presentation |
Poster
|
| Topic |
Machine Learning for Signal Processing: [MLR-MUSAP] Applications in music and audio processing |
| IEEE Xplore Open Preview |
Click here to view in IEEE Xplore |
| Virtual Presentation |
Click here to watch in the Virtual Conference |
| Abstract |
The DNN-HMM based methods have been successfully used for many always-on keyword spotting algorithms that detect a keyword to trigger a device. The DNN predicts the state probabilities of a given speech frame, while HMM decoder combines the DNN predictions of multiple speech frames to compute the keyword detection score. The DNN, in prior methods, is trained independent of the HMM parameters to minimize the cross-entropy loss between the predicted and the ground-truth state probabilities. The mis-match between the DNN training loss (cross-entropy) and the end metric (detection score) is the main source of sub-optimal performance for the keyword spotting task. We address this loss-metric mismatch with a novel end-to-end training strategy that learns the DNN parameters by optimizing for the detection score. To this end, we make the HMM decoder (dynamic programming) differentiable and back-propagate through it to maximize the score for the keyword and minimize the scores for non-keyword speech segments. Our method does not require any change in the model architecture or the inference framework; therefore, there is no overhead in run-time memory or compute requirements. Moreover, we show significant reduction in false rejection rate (FRR) at the same false trigger experience (> 70% over independent DNN training). |
